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A comprehensive study of water at Gortyn (Crete) - ELISABETTA GIORGI, ARCHEOLOGIA DELL’ACQUA A GORTINA DI CRETA IN ETÀ PROTOBIZANTINA (Limina/Limites: Archaeologies, Histories, Islands and Borders in the Mediterranean; Archaeopress, Oxford 2016). Pp. iii + 288, ills. 107, figs. 185. ISBN 978-1-78491-444-8.
- Jane E. Francis, George W. M. Harrison
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- Journal:
- Journal of Roman Archaeology / Volume 32 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2019, pp. 859-863
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- 2019
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Antarctic geoconservation: a review of current systems and practices
- KEVIN A. HUGHES, JERÓNIMO LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ, JANE E. FRANCIS, J. ALISTAIR CRAME, LUIS CARCAVILLA, KAZUYUKI SHIRAISHI, TOMOKAZU HOKADA, AKIRA YAMAGUCHI
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 43 / Issue 2 / June 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2016, pp. 97-108
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The prohibition of commercial mineral resource extraction through the Antarctic Treaty System has removed one significant source of potential damage to Antarctica's geological and geomorphological values. However, given the on-going increase in Antarctic tourism and scientific footprint, some high-quality geological features may be vulnerable to human impact, such as damage due to the construction of logistical facilities, unregulated collection of geological specimens or oversampling for scientific purposes. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty puts in place a framework for the protection of Antarctica's environmental, scientific, historic, wilderness and aesthetic values. However, the Antarctic Protected Area system is still immature and further implementation of existing management tools may be required to protect the diverse range of vulnerabilities, qualities and spatial scales represented in the geology and geomorphology of the continent. At sites where high-quality mineralogical or palaeontological specimens exist in limited quantities, considerations of how best to prevent oversampling and manage access to remaining material may be supported by assessment of cumulative impacts. Examination of the level of Antarctic specimen loans from a selection of national geological collections suggested that existing publically accessible geological collections could be better utilized, which could reduce environmental impact and oversampling at vulnerable Antarctic sites.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By David Amigoni, Mark Asquith, Jane Bownas, Adelene Buckland, Carolyn Burdett, Pamela Dalziel, Christine DeVine, Tim Dolin, Roger Ebbatson, Trish Ferguson, Shanyn Fiske, Simon Gatrell, Sophie Gilmartin, William Greenslade, Ann Heilmann, Michael Herbert, John Hughes, Rena Jackson, Elizabeth Langland, Sarah E. Maier, Phillip Mallett, Francesco Marroni, Jane Mattisson, Andrew Nash, K. M. Newton, Francis O’Gorman, John Osborne, Patrick Parrinder, Andrew Radford, Fred Reid, Angelique Richardson, Mary Rimmer, Peter Robinson, Dennis Taylor, Jenny Bourne, Jane Thomas, Herbert F. Tucker, Norman Vance, Roger Webster, Rebecca Welshman, Glen Wickens, Melanie Williams, Keith Wilson, T. R. Wright
- Edited by Phillip Mallett, University of St Andrews, Scotland
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- Thomas Hardy in Context
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- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 March 2013, pp ix-xvi
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The long story of Gortyn - ANTONINO DI VITA, GORTINA DI CRETA: QUINDICI SECOLI DI VITA URBANA (Bibliotheca Archaeologica 45; L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 2010). Pp. xviii + 405, figs. 552 (colour), maps 4 (fold-out). ISBN 978-88-8265-527-3.
- Jane E. Francis, George W. M. Harrison
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- Journal:
- Journal of Roman Archaeology / Volume 25 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2015, pp. 870-875
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- 2012
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. 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Contents
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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9 - The Cenozoic Cool Mode: early Eocene to late Miocene
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
The early stages of the Cenozoic Cool Mode started with the cooling in the early Eocene (55 Ma). From that time onwards the climate of the Earth gradually cooled from the Warm Mode of the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary to the cool glacial climates of today. Important changes which occurred during this phase include the enhancement of climatic zonation and the development of a thermally stratified ocean. Unlike the Palaeozoic record, the early part of the Cenozoic cooling is not recorded simply by the presence of ancient glacial deposits. In fact, any direct evidence of extensive glacial ice at the poles during the Tertiary is scarce, principally because the rocks in these regions are now covered with ice. However, the presence of ice-rafted debris in deep ocean cores provides positive evidence for the presence of at least seasonal ice.
The principal evidence for Tertiary cooling is documented in the oxygen isotope record of calcareous foraminifera from the oceans. This illustrates the decline in ocean temperatures and the build-up of ice at the poles (mainly the South Pole) from about 55 Ma onwards (Fig. 9.1). Climate evidence from fossil plant assemblages reflects the same cooling trend. Documentation of the Tertiary cooling is important because it illustrates the crucial transformation phase from a non-glacial to glacial state, as recorded by several geological parameters. This trend or transformation can be used as a model to determine the history of glacial build-up during former Cool Modes, such as those in the Palaeozoic, for which data are less reliable.
10 - The late Cenozoic Cool Mode: late Miocene to Holocene
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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The late Cenozoic was a time of major palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic events (Fig. 10.1). The latest Miocene was the most critical time: there was a global cooling of ocean surface waters at middle and high latitudes; a northward migration of cold Antarctic surface waters; an expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet; a major sea-level fall; isolation and desiccation of the Mediterranean Basin; and a lightening in carbon isotopes. In the early Pliocene, there was a warming and a major sea-level rise, followed by late Pliocene climate deterioration and gradual intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation leading to late Pleistocene climate changes visible in the prominent 100 k.y. cycle. The late Cenozoic thus has the most complete record available for defining global change during development of a Cool Mode, especially as related to orbitally driven glacial cyclicity.
Summary of marine climates from oxygen isotopes
Oxygen isotopic ratios in foraminifera from late Cenozoic deep-sea sediments are primarily a function of the δ18O composition and temperature of the ambient sea water. The abyssal waters of the ocean experience relatively small changes in temperature, thus the δ18O in benthic foraminifera is mainly a function of the isotopic composition of the bottom water, which in turn is controlled largely by global ice volume. However, the effect of diagenesis was emphasized by Killingley (1983) who noted that the longterm decrease in ocean temperatures from the Palaeocene to the Miocene, derived from oxygen isotopes, might reflect progressive recrystallization of calcite and therefore all palaeotemperature estimations for the early Tertiary remain speculative.
1 - Introduction
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
There are many reasons for investigating the climatic history of the Earth. First and foremost is the need to know how the climate of our planet has evolved over the last 600 million years (m.y.). Only by understanding past climate states of the Earth can we discern the driving mechanisms for global climate change, set boundary conditions for numerical modelling and learn how to predict future climates. Improved predictability of climate in the short-term future can be included among these advantages to be gained in the applied sense, as can using palaeoclimate information to predict the distribution of economically significant commodities such as petroleum, phosphorite, bauxite and the accumulation of other sedimentary minerals related to climatically controlled redox changes.
This book first describes, in a concise way, the salient features of Earth climates over the last 600 m.y. or so. With this background information in hand, our purpose is to recognize and then compare similar climatic states in history (e.g. the warm intervals in the early Palaeozoic and in the late Mesozoic), so as to determine whether major episodes display any significant similarities. In cases where strict parallelism seems to exist, whether for relatively warm or cool, wet or dry, or seasonally comparable global conditions, the description of climate for any one interval perhaps can be broadened by inferences from conditions in another interval, for which circumstances may be better known. Thus, we adopt an approach of comparative palaeoclimatology, in the hope that pooled information will provide new insights into the evolution of climate on Earth.
Palaeoclimatologists appear to be inveterate seekers after causes of change and the authors of this book are no exception.
Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic
- Lawrence A. Frakes, Jane E. Francis, Jozef I. Syktus
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The changes in the Earth's climate over the past 600 million years, from the Cambrian to the Quaternary, come under scrutiny in this book, first published in 1992. The geological evidence for ancient climates is examined, such as the distribution of climate-sensitive sediments. The Earth's climate has changed many times throughout the Phanerozoic. Thus in this book the climate history has been divided into Warm and Cool modes, intervals when either the Earth was in a former 'greenhouse' state with higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and polar regions free of ice, or the global climate was cooler and ice was present in high latitudes. The studies presented here highlight the complex interactions between the carbon cycle, continental distribution, tectonics, sea level variation, ocean circulation and temperature change as well as other parameters. In particular, the potential of the carbon isotope records as an important signal of the past climates of the Earth is explored. This book will be useful to all students and researchers with an interest in palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments.
7 - The Cool Mode: middle Jurassic to early Cretaceous
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
The Jurassic and Cretaceous have classically been considered very warm intervals, with low temperature gradients, temperate conditions at high latitudes and extensive evaporite deposition. However, there is a great deal of data that indicate that this is an over-simplification and, in fact, parts of the Earth were quite cool during this period. Reports of ice-rafted deposits in high-latitude regions at intervals during the latter part of the Jurassic and into the early Cretaceous (Bajocian to Albian) suggest that freezing conditions occurred near the poles and that temperate glaciers may possibly have existed (Kemper, 1987; Frakes and Francis, 1988,1990). The equatorto-pole temperature gradient therefore appears to have been greater than previously considered. Marked seasonality also seems to be a prominent feature of climate during this interval. The designation of this late middle Jurassic to early Cretaceous interval as a Cool Mode (183–105 Ma, Bajocian to mid-Albian) is therefore based on the presence of at least seasonal ice in high latitudes.
In contrast, there are no reports of ice-rafted deposits for the latter half of the Cretaceous. The climate appears to have changed during the mid-Cretaceous to much globally warmer conditions. We have therefore split the Cretaceous Period into two different climatic modes.
Palaeoclimate information for the latter half of the Jurassic (from the Bajocian onwards) is rather sparser than for later times. The rarity of Jurassic ocean floor sediments and the consequent scarcity of ocean oxygen isotope data prohibit detailed temperature analysis for short-term intervals, as is possible for the late Cretaceous and Tertiary. Most Jurassic climate information is for continental areas.
Frontmatter
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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6 - The Warm Mode: late Permian to middle Jurassic
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
Although the Mesozoic as a whole has been interpreted as a warm and arid interval, it now appears that such a generalization does not take account of significant variations within the Era. Much of the early Mesozoic appears to have been a warm time but extensive aridity developed only after the middle Triassic, and significant cooling occurred in the mid-Jurassic. A Warm Mode is here taken to extend from the end of Gondwanan and Asian ice-rafting in the late Permian (Kazanian) through part of the middle Jurassic (to the end of the Aalenian), after which ice-rafting was again common in high-latitude sites (Frakes and Francis, 1988). Following a cool, though arid, time from middle Jurassic to roughly the middle of the Cretaceous, Mesozoic warming resumed.
Oxygen isotopes
The general thermal state of the earth is deduced by the oxygen isotope method and by interpretations of climatically sensitive indicators. Evidence for the middle Jurassic part of the Warm Mode includes an abundance of isotopic information, most of it gained, however, at a time when techniques were imperfect. Most of such data are summarized in Bowen (1966) and have been reinterpreted by Stevens and Clayton (1971) and Hallam (1975). As stated in Frakes (1979), the problems of changing oceanic composition, vital effects, diagenesis and the practice of data averaging before presentation, all mitigate against acceptance of these data as reliable indications of early Mesozoic palaeotemperatures. Unaveraged data for this part of the geologic record suggest a cool mid-Jurassic in Australia (∼ 18°C to 15°C) and the Soviet Union (∼ 15°C to 11°C).
2 - The Warm Mode: early Cambrian to late Ordovician
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
The first Warm Mode began at the termination of the late Precambrian glaciation, probably in the earliest Cambrian; definite Cambrian glacial deposits are not known. Over the approximate 100 m.y. of the early Palaeozoic Warm Mode (∼560 to ∼458 Ma) continents were mostly dispersed over the low-latitude zones and glacial deposits are lacking. This Warm Mode eventually terminated with the initiation of glaciers in North Africa in the late Ordovician (Caradocian). Major problems exist in trying to explain, first, the occurrence of Plate Cambrian to Precambrian glaciation at low latitudes, and second, the termination of the previous glaciation and the beginning of this early Palaeozoic Warm Mode.
Age and distribution of the latest Precambrian glaciation
Past research has established only a poor framework for dating and distribution of late Precambrian glacial deposits, and as a result the synchroneity versus diachronism of these deposits is not resolved. When the geochronological dates are assembled (Fig. 2.1) it is apparent that glaciation extended over at least 230 m.y. (∼800 to ∼570 Ma). These data, taken from Hambrey and Harland (1981), are of variable quality and several, included on the diagram, are based on stratigraphic estimates. Moreover, age data are limited to Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe.
The shape of the histogram in Fig. 2.1 is not obviously polymodal but it is not suitable to consider the results as a normal distribution of data about a mean value because, when considered in detail, continents have individual dating patterns. Africa for example, contributes all pre-800 Ma dates and, together with Asia, all dates younger than about 610 Ma.
Bibliography
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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3 - The Cool Mode: late Ordovician to early Silurian
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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Summary
Ranked after the late Palaeozoic and the late Cenozoic, the Ordovician- Silurian is the most extensive and intensive Cool Mode of Phanerozoic time. Glacial effects were felt predominantly in Africa, and in displaced terranes subsequently derived from there, and were also felt in South America. A major ice sheet developed in North and central Africa. The age of glacial deposits covers probably 35 m.y., as opposed to a minimum of 65 m.y. for the late Palaeozoic. Despite this widespread evidence of glaciation, it appears that the Ordovician-Silurian glaciation was limited to high-latitude land masses in the southern hemisphere; cooling effects are discerned with difficulty elsewhere.
Distribution and age of the glacials
Ordovician–Silurian glacial deposits, unlike those of the late Palaeozoic, are found in Gondwana and in regions commonly considered as parts of the Laurentia and Baltica blocks. The latter areas probably were attached to Gondwana in the early Palaeozoic and have since been rifted away to new sites in North America and Europe. The evidence of glaciation in these displaced continental fragments provided a strong incentive for revising continental reconstructions for the early Palaeozoic.
Glaciation at this time was centred on North Africa, the best documented deposits being those of the central Sahara region (Beuf et al., 1971). Tillites and associated glacial features occur over a wide area from Algeria to Libya and Mali. A total of four separate tillites and striated pavements showing generally northward flow have been recognized. Deposits of about the same age occur to the west and south-west in Morocco, Mauretania and Sierra Leone; these include both terrestrial tillites and glacial-marine strata.
Index
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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4 - The Warm Mode: late Silurian to early Carboniferous
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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The period from the end of the early Silurian until the beginning of the Namurian (early Carboniferous) was characterized by globally warm climates. It might seem that the late Devonian and Visean glacial intervals were exceptions to this but glaciation at these times was apparently limited only to high-latitude regions in South America. A general warming trend took place throughout the Warm Mode and can best be seen in a progressive expansion of the evaporite and carbonate sedimentation belts. Carbonates and evaporites persisted in mid-latitudes until late in the Namurian, after the succeeding late Palaeozoic Cool Mode had begun.
Trends from oxygen isotopes
The tendency for oxygen isotope ratios to be progressively lighter back in time through the Palaeozoic has been confirmed by Popp et al, (1986) and by Hudson and Anderson (1989). This work, on brachiopod shells that show evidence of being chemically unaltered, also showed similarities to δ18O determined on diagenetic cements and other components of carbonate sediments. Karhu and Epstein (1986) estimated the isotopic composition of Palaeozoic oceans at – l%o PDB and calculated temperatures for subequatorial North America over the interval of the Warm Mode to be in the range 36–64°C. Previous measurements on unaltered Warm Mode carbonate fossils gave values between ∼21°C and ∼45°C. Unaltered brachiopods studied by Popp et al included only one Warm Mode sample, but other samples gave a range from about – 12%o to – 2%o. Assuming no polar ice and an oceanic composition of – l%o, this range yields temperatures estimated at between about 65°C and 20°C.
5 - The Cool Mode: early Carboniferous to late Permian
- Lawrence A. Frakes, University of Adelaide, Jane E. Francis, University of Leeds, Jozef I. Syktus, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia
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A great deal is known about the late Palaeozoic glacial phase owing to intensive study since its recognition in the early part of this century. We now know that glaciations of this time were centred in polar to subpolar latitudes, that they were developed in parts of Laurasia as well as Gondwana, that their inception was regionally related to both collisional and extensional orogenic activity, that ice sheets developed in the centres of continents, and that glaciers underwent waxing and waning in response to changes in their palaeolatitudinal position. There are many other aspects of the late Palaeozoic Cool Mode about which we are relatively ignorant. What was the full duration of glacier development? What were the climates of the nonglaciated parts of the globe? Why did the glaciation cease?
Distribution and age of the glacials
Late Palaeozoic glacial deposits occur widely in Gondwana and also in displaced terranes which are now part of Asia (Fig. 5.1). These have been summarized most recently by publications in Hambrey and Harland (1981), Frakes (1979) and Crowell (1983). Africa is the continent with the most widespread deposits from this glaciation; glacial deposits are known from South Africa to the Arabian peninsula and from the east (Madagascar) to the west (Namibia). The southern exposures consist of the Dwyka Tillite, which occurs in the Karroo basin across the full length of the Cape Fold Belt and eastward into coastal Natal. An ice sheet occupied the northern part of South Africa and adjacent countries to the north (Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia) and radiated lobes to the south-east, and south-west (Kaokoveld Lobe).